LIDAR based on diode-pumped alexandrite to monitor upper atmosphere

09 Dec 2019

Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics and Fraunhofer ILT have developed portable, lower-energy demand system.

Higher atmospheric layers (meaning 30-120 km) are becoming more and more interesting for climate researchers, but the areas above 40 km are only directly accessible with sounding rockets, using conventional research methods. A newly-developed LIDAR system based on a diode-pumped alexandrite laser will soon enable such research remotely.

Scientists from the Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) and the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology (ILT) are developing a portable system that works independently. In the future, says the team, such a LIDAR network will be able to deliver data from the atmosphere continuously and on a large scale.

Since the 1990s, the IAP in Kühlungsborn, Germany, has been pioneering research into the mesosphere with its own LIDAR systems. With its flash lamp-pumped alexandrite laser, the bulky system filled a complete ship container. Its use was also limited since it consumed a great deal of energy and required complex alignment.

Alexandrite laser

Scientists from IAP and ILT together developed a new LIDAR system during long-term bilateral projects and in the ALISE project, funded by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). The system is the size of a washing machine and virtually maintenance-free. In addition to a smaller size, its energy consumption has also been reduced by a factor of 100 and is now under 500W.

The core of the new system is a diode-pumped alexandrite laser developed at the ILT. The system delivers pulses of up to 1.7 mJ at a repetition rate of 500 Hz, providing high spatial and temporal resolution. With its pulse-to-pulse stability of 0.2% and a high beam quality (M2 better than 1.1), it makes precise measurements at the targeted altitudes possible. Another particularly important feature for LIDAR applications is the small line width of less than 4 MHz, which the laser delivers in pulsed single-frequency operation.

Within the DLR project, experts at Airbus evaluated the laser's suitability for space applications. The overall system was successfully tested at laboratory level and classified at Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 4. The components of the laser, which are compatible with the FULAS platform for laser applications in space developed at Fraunhofer ILT, even meet TRL 6 – which corresponds to “validation under realistic operating conditions.”

3D printing to the LIDAR network

The first two generations of the new alexandrite laser were laboratory set-ups that have already delivered measurement results from the atmosphere. The third generation is even more compact and adapted for integration into a transportable system for field measurements.

Besides the laser, a new patent-pending technology holds the optical components in place: optics are clamped in special plastic holders. These, in turn, are parts of complete modules that are manufactured cost-effectively with a 3D printer. The instrument carrier can also be produced by 3D printing.

The scientists set up the first of the compact LIDAR systems in October 2019. Three more systems will be completed by the end of 2020. The developers intend to set up a network of LIDAR systems for the VAHCOLI project. VAHCOLI stands for “Vertical And Horizontal COverage by LIdar”. The LIDAR network will be used to measure wind and temperature fields in the middle atmosphere for the first time in three dimensions with high time resolution.

Measurement worldwide

To continue developing the LIDAR systems with the alexandrite laser, IAP inaugurated a new hall in September 2019. Not only can more VAHCOLI systems be built there, but further developed beam sources from Fraunhofer ILT – for example, with an extended wavelength range for UV measurements – can also be tested.

The method developed at IAP for temperature measurements based on iron atoms (386 nm) was used for the first time to precisely determine polar summer temperatures in the Antarctic. Due to the possibility of tuning the laser wavelength over a further range (approx. 720-810 nm), many other important measurement wavelengths can be achieved in the future.

Currently, the compact LIDAR systems use the potassium line at 770 nm for measurements in the atmosphere. With these systems, measurement campaigns are planned in the polar regions, among other places. With the new, particularly stable laser technology, a large number of measurements will also be possible, for example, with the system on airplanes to measure the distribution of volcanic dust in the atmosphere or, in the medium term, satellite-based to collect global climate data.